WASHINGTON — An expert committee advising the Food and Drug Administration on Tuesday recommended that regulators authorize Pfizer-BioNTech’s coronavirus vaccine for 5- to 11-year-olds, bringing about 28 million children a major step closer to becoming eligible for shots.
If the F.D.A. follows the panel’s advice in the coming days, as is expected, the Biden administration will have expanded vaccine access to all but the youngest Americans, while providing booster shots for many as well.
Biden administration officials see the pediatric dose as crucial to keeping schools open and restoring a sense of normalcy to family and work life as the pandemic hurtles toward the end of its second year. The administration wants to be seen as doing everything possible to combat the virus and build upon positive trends, as the Delta variant ebbs and the daily drumbeat of infections and deaths fades.
Younger children would start getting their shots at a time when coronavirus cases are dropping sharply. But public demand for a pediatric vaccine has been high, and some panel members said that even though young children are less likely to get severely ill from Covid-19, parents and doctors alike are anxious to protect them.
Dr. Jay Portnoy, a medical director at Children’s Mercy Hospital in Kansas City, Mo., said he had seen critically ill children in the intensive care unit and “terrified” parents. “I’m looking forward to being able to actually do something to prevent that,” he said.
The vote was 17-0 in favor, with one abstention. Federal regulators and scientists made a strong push, arguing that 8,300 children between 5 and 11 had been hospitalized with Covid-19 and nearly 100 had died over the course of the pandemic.
Covid-19 is “the eighth-highest killer of kids in this age group over the past year,” said Dr. Amanda Cohn, a top C.D.C. vaccine official. “Use of this vaccine will prevent deaths, will prevent I.C.U. admissions and will prevent significant long-term adverse outcomes in children.”
Data from Pfizer showed that the vaccine had a 90.7 percent efficacy rate in preventing symptomatic Covid-19 in a clinical trial of 5- to 11-year-olds. Still, many advisory committee members expressed concern about limited safety data, turning repeatedly to the risk of myocarditis, a rare condition involving inflammation of the heart muscle, in young vaccine recipients. Myocarditis and pericarditis, inflammation of the lining around the heart, have been tied to the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, particularly in younger men.
The Pfizer dose for younger children would be one-third of the strength given to people 12 and older, with two shots given three weeks apart. Experts have said that could diminish the risk of the heart-related side effects.
If F.D.A. regulators follow the committee’s advice, as they typically do, an authorization could come within days. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s own panel of outside experts is scheduled to meet Tuesday and Wednesday, and is also expected to endorse a pediatric dose. The C.D.C., which sets vaccine policy, would likely then quickly recommend the rollout of shots.
During a long debate before the vote, some committee members questioned whether every child in the age group really needed the vaccine or whether it should be limited to those at high risk of severe Covid-19 — an easily identifiable group, with underlying conditions such as obesity or other risk factors.
Dr. James E.K. Hildreth, the president and chief executive of Meharry Medical College, said that since many children between 5 and 11 may already have some immunity after contracting the virus, the need to vaccinate broadly in the age group might be less urgent.
“It just seems to me that in some ways we’re vaccinating children to protect the adults, and it should be the other way around,” he said. “I do believe that children at highest risk do need to be vaccinated. But vaccinating all of the children to achieve that just seems a bit much for me.”
Dr. Hildreth also bemoaned the fact that Pfizer’s pediatric trial included few children from minority groups, who are particularly at risk of bad outcomes from Covid-19.
While some committee members said they wished to recommend the vaccine for a more narrow group of children, they were asked to decide simply whether the benefits of a pediatric shot outweigh the risks. “We decided to go for it with a lot of heavy conscience,” said Dr. Eric Rubin, an infectious diseases expert at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Dr. Paul Offit, a panel member who heads the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, said it was “nerve-racking” to make public health decisions affecting millions of children based on studies involving just a few thousand participants.
But he said: “The question is, when do you know enough? And I think we certainly know that there are many children between 5 and 11 years of age who are susceptible to this disease who could very well be sick and or hospitalized, or die from it.”
Dr. Peter Marks, who heads the agency’s division that oversees vaccine approvals, told the committee that nearly two million in that age group have been infected, and that a third of those hospitalized have needed intensive care.
Committee members said they hoped a pediatric dose would not only keep elementary schoolers out of the hospital, but would reduce transmission of the virus and cases of long Covid.
Dr. Fiona Havers, a viral disease specialist at the C.D.C., told the panel that more than 2,000 schools had been forced to close, affecting more than a million students, between early August and October because of outbreaks.
Children have higher levels than adults of the neutralizing antibodies that are essential for preventing infection, she said, but are at least as likely as adults to be infected, she said. She said there appear to be many more cases of child infection than are publicly recorded.
Covid-19 hospitalization rates in the 5 to 11 age group are three times as high for Black, Hispanic and Native American children as for white children, Dr. Havers added.
The C.D.C. also presented blood test data indicating that 42 percent of young children had coronavirus antibodies, eliciting questions about whether many had been infected with no symptoms and developed natural immunity. Dr. Havers cautioned that the children tested were already under clinical care and may not represent the general population.
It is unclear how many parents would quickly vaccinate their elementary schoolers if given the chance. Polling has showed that roughly a third are eager to do so right away, while a third prefer to wait. Since federal regulators cleared Pfizer shots for adolescents ages 12 to 15 in May, 46 percent have been fully vaccinated, compared with about 69 percent of adults.
Many panel members said the data on safety and efficacy was compelling enough for government to offer shots and give parents a choice.
What to Know About Covid-19 Booster Shots
The F.D.A. has authorized booster shots for millions of recipients of the Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccines. Pfizer and Moderna recipients who are eligible for a booster include people 65 and older, and younger adults at high risk of severe Covid-19 because of medical conditions or where they work. Eligible Pfizer and Moderna recipients can get a booster at least six months after their second dose. All Johnson & Johnson recipients will be eligible for a second shot at least two months after the first.
Yes. The F.D.A. has updated its authorizations to allow medical providers to boost people with a different vaccine than the one they initially received, a strategy known as “mix and match.” Whether you received Moderna, Johnson & Johnson or Pfizer-BioNTech, you may receive a booster of any other vaccine. Regulators have not recommended any one vaccine over another as a booster. They have also remained silent on whether it is preferable to stick with the same vaccine when possible.
The C.D.C. has said the conditions that qualify a person for a booster shot include: hypertension and heart disease; diabetes or obesity; cancer or blood disorders; weakened immune system; chronic lung, kidney or liver disease; dementia and certain disabilities. Pregnant women and current and former smokers are also eligible.
The F.D.A. authorized boosters for workers whose jobs put them at high risk of exposure to potentially infectious people. The C.D.C. says that group includes: emergency medical workers; education workers; food and agriculture workers; manufacturing workers; corrections workers; U.S. Postal Service workers; public transit workers; grocery store workers.
Yes. The C.D.C. says the Covid vaccine may be administered without regard to the timing of other vaccines, and many pharmacy sites are allowing people to schedule a flu shot at the same time as a booster dose.
But Dr. Michael G. Kurilla, an official at the National Institutes of Health who abstained from the vote, said the government was embracing a “one-size-fits-all” approach.
“I think for many children who have experienced Covid already, they’re probably more than adequately protected. One dose may be sufficient,” he said. “I think for the high-risk children, it’s very different.”
The vote took place in a highly charged atmosphere. As of early Tuesday, nearly 140,000 public comments had been formally submitted to the agency on the issue. By contrast, only 66 comments were submitted before the panel recommended boosters for adult recipients of the Moderna and Johnson & Johnson vaccines.
Over the weekend, panel members were deluged with messages in an organized email campaign urging them to vote against recommending authorization. The C.D.C. warned members of its own expert panel Tuesday afternoon that they might be targeted by a similar “misinformation campaign.”
The agency said that “individuals posing as reporters may attempt to contact you and record conversations without your knowledge,” and described how committee members should report threats.
Dr. Marks said that while the public had “strong feelings,” the committee was only being asked whether to allow shots, not whether to mandate them.
But Dr. H. Cody Meissner, a panelist and chief of the pediatric infectious diseases division at Tufts Children’s Hospital, said he feared that state-level mandates would quickly follow, before sufficient safety data could be gathered.
A. Oveta Fuller, an infectious disease expert at the University of Michigan, questioned how well the government tracks adverse side effects, asking: “Can we feel confident that should something come up, it will be detected?”
Dr. Marks and Dr. Cohn, the C.D.C. official, both said the government’s safety monitoring systems would detect even rare side effects.
Pfizer officials described safety data on about 4,500 children ages 5 to 11 divided into two cohorts of roughly equal size. The first group was followed for about two months, the second for about two and a half weeks. None of the children involved in Pfizer’s clinical trial developed myocarditis or pericarditis, but that was expected given the small size of the clinical trial and the rarity of those conditions.
Federal health officials have said that cases of the heart conditions tend to be mild and resolve quickly, and that younger people can also develop myocarditis from the virus itself.
Pfizer tried to reassure the panel that pharmacists and other providers would be able to handle children’s shots. Pediatric doses would be in vials with orange caps instead of purple, and the vials would come in orange-colored packages in order to reduce the risk that providers would mistakenly give young children doses meant for those 12 and older, officials said.
Apoorva Mandavilli contributed reporting from New York and Carl Zimmer from New Haven, Conn.